Glossary
The terms presented in this glossary are taken from DigitalGuards' terminology database. I am grateful for Gregory L. Stockdale's permission to reproduce them here. You can find the most recently updated version of the terminology database at http://www.digitalguards.com/Glossary.htm. You will also find databases of network security tools and other information at the DigitalGuards web site.
Active Attack
An attack which results in an unauthorized state change, such as the manipulation of files, or the adding of unauthorized files.
Administrative Security
The management constraints and supplemental controls established to provide an acceptable level of protection for data.
AIS
Automated Information System - any equipment of an interconnected system or subsystems of equipment that is used in the automatic acquisition, storage, manipulation, control, display, transmission, or reception of data and includes software, firmware, and hardware.
Alert
A formatted message describing a circumstance relevant to network security. Alerts are often derived from critical audit events.
Ankle-Biter
A person who aspires to be a hacker/cracker but has very limited knowledge or skills related to AIS's. Usually associated with young teens who collect and use simple malicious programs obtained from the Internet.
Application Level Gateway
(Firewall) A firewall system in which service is provided by processes that maintain complete TCP connection state and sequencing. Application level firewalls often re-address traffic so that outgoing traffic appears to have originated from the firewall, rather than the internal host.
Assessment
Surveys and Inspections; an analysis of the vulnerabilities of an AIS. Information acquisition and review process designed to assist a customer to determine how best to use resources to protect information in systems.
Assurance
A measure of confidence that the security features and architecture of an AIS accurately mediate and enforce the security policy.
Attack
An attempt to bypass security controls on a computer. The attack may alter, release, or deny data. Whether an attack will succeed depends on the vulnerability of the computer system and the effectiveness of existing countermeasures.
Audit
The independent examination of records and activities to ensure compliance with established controls, policy, and operational procedures, and to recommend any indicated changes in controls, policy, or procedures.
Audit Trail
In computer security systems, a chronological record of system resource usage. This includes user login, file access, other various activities, and whether any actual or attempted security violations occurred, legitimate and unauthorized.
Authenticate
To establish the validity of a claimed user or object.
Authentication
To positively verify the identity of a user, device, or other entity in a computer system, often as a prerequisite to allowing access to resources in a system.
Automated Security Monitoring
All security features needed to provide an acceptable level of protection for hardware, software, and classified, sensitive, unclassified or critical data, material, or processes in the system.
Availability
Assuring information and communications services will be ready for use when expected.
Back Door
A hole in the security of a computer system deliberately left in place by designers or maintainers. Synonymous with trap door; a hidden software or hardware mechanism used to circumvent security controls.
Breach
The successful defeat of security controls which could result in a penetration of the system. A violation of controls of a particular information system such that information assets or system components are unduly exposed.
Buffer Overflow
This happens when more data is put into a buffer or holding area, then the buffer can handle. This is due to a mismatch in processing rates between the producing and consuming processes. This can result in system crashes or the creation of a back door leading to system access.
Bug
An unwanted and unintended property of a program or piece of hardware, especially one that causes it to malfunction.
CGI
Common Gateway Interface - CGI is the method that Web servers use to allow interaction between servers and programs.
CGI Scripts
Allows for the creation of dynamic and interactive web pages. They also tend to be the most vulnerable part of a web server (besides the underlying host security).
Circuit Level Gateway
One form of a firewall. Validates TCP and UDP sessions before opening a connection. Creates a handshake, and once that takes place passes everything through until the session is ended.
COAST
Computer Operations, Audit, and Security Technology - is a multiple project, multiple investigator laboratory in computer security research in the Computer Sciences Department at Purdue University. It functions with close ties to researchers and engineers in major companies and government agencies. Its research is focused on real-world needs and limitations, with a special focus on security for legacy computing systems.
Compromise
An intrusion into a computer system where unauthorized disclosure, modification or destruction of sensitive information may have occurred.
Computer Abuse
The willful or negligent unauthorized activity that affects the availability, confidentiality, or integrity of computer resources. Computer abuse includes fraud, embezzlement, theft, malicious damage, unauthorized use, denial of service, and misappropriation.
Computer Fraud
Computer-related crimes involving deliberate misrepresentation or alteration of data in order to obtain something of value.
Computer Network Attack
(CAN) Operations to disrupt, deny, degrade, or destroy information resident in computers and computer networks, or the computers and networks themselves. (DODD S-3600.1 of 9 Dec 96)
Computer Security
Technological and managerial procedures applied to computer systems to ensure the availability, integrity and confidentiality of information managed by the computer system.
Computer Security Incident
Any intrusion or attempted intrusion into an automated information system (AIS). Incidents can include probes of multiple computer systems.
Computer Security Intrusion
Any event of unauthorized access or penetration to an automated information system (AIS).
Confidentiality
Assuring information will be kept secret, with access limited to appropriate persons.
Countermeasures
Action, device, procedure, technique, or other measure that reduces the vulnerability of an automated information system. Countermeasures that are aimed at specific threats and vulnerabilities involve more sophisticated techniques as well as activities traditionally perceived as security.
Crack
A popular hacking tool used to decode encrypted passwords. System administrators also use Crack to assess weak passwords by novice users in order to enhance the security of the AIS.
Cracker
One who breaks security on an AIS.
Cracking
The act of breaking into a computer system.
Crash
A sudden, usually drastic failure of a computer system.
Cryptography
The art of science concerning the principles, means, and methods for rendering plain text unintelligible and for converting encrypted messages into intelligible form.
Cyberspace
Describes the world of connected computers and the society that gathers around them. Commonly known as the INTERNET.
Dark-side Hacker
A criminal or malicious hacker.
DARPA
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.
Data Driven Attack
A form of attack that is encoded in innocuous seeming data which is executed by a user or a process to implement an attack. A data driven attack is a concern for firewalls, since it may get through the firewall in data form and launch an attack against a system behind the firewall.
Data Encryption Standard
Definition 1) (DES) An unclassified crypto algorithm adopted by the National Bureau of Standards for public use. Definition 2) A cryptographic algorithm for the protection of unclassified data, published in Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 46. The DES, which was approved by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), is intended for public and government use.
Demon Dialer
A program which repeatedly calls the same telephone number. This is benign and legitimate for access to a BBS or malicious when used as a denial of service attack.
Denial of Service
Action(s) which prevent any part of an AIS from functioning in accordance with its intended purpose.
Derf
The act of exploiting a terminal which someone else has absent-mindedly left logged on.
DES
See Data Encryption Standard
DMZ
Demilitarized Zone - A part of the network that is neither part of the internal network nor directly part of the Internet. Basically a network sitting between two networks.
DNS Spoofing
Assuming the DNS name of another system by either corrupting the name service cache of a victim system, or by compromising a domain name server for a valid domain.
Encapsulating Security Payload
(ESP) A mechanism to provide confidentiality and integrity protection to IP datagrams.
Ethernet Sniffing
This is listening with software to the Ethernet interface for packets that interest the user. When the software sees a packet that fits certain criteria, it logs it to a file. The most common criteria for an interesting packet is one that contains words like login or password.
False Negative
Occurs when an actual intrusive action has occurred but the system allows it to pass as non-intrusive behavior.
False Positive
Occurs when the system classifies an action as anomalous (a possible intrusion) when it is a legitimate action.
Fault Tolerance
The ability of a system or component to continue normal operation despite the presence of hardware or software faults.
Firewall
A system or combination of systems that enforces a boundary between two or more networks. Gateway that limits access between networks in accordance with local security policy. The typical firewall is an inexpensive micro-based Unix box kept clean of critical data, with many modems and public network ports on it, but just one carefully watched connection back to the rest of the cluster.
Fishbowl
To contain, isolate and monitor an unauthorized user within a system in order to gain information about the user.
Hacker
A person who enjoys exploring the details of computers and how to stretch their capabilities. A malicious or inquisitive meddler who tries to discover information by poking around. A person who enjoys learning the details of programming systems and how to stretch their capabilities, as opposed to most users who prefer to learn on the minimum necessary.
Hacking
Unauthorized use, or attempts to circumvent or bypass the security mechanisms of an information system or network.
Hacking Run
A hack session extended long outside normal working times, especially one longer than 12 hours.
Host
A single computer or workstation; it can be connected to a network.
Host Based
Information, such as audit data from a single host which may be used to detect intrusions.
IDEA
(International Data Encryption Algorithm) - A private key encryption-decryption algorithm that uses a key that is twice the length of a DES key.
IDIOT
Intrusion Detection In Our Time. A system that detects intrusions using pattern-matching.
Integrity
Assuring information will not be accidentally or maliciously altered or destroyed.
Internet Worm
A worm program (see: Worm) that was unleashed on the Internet in 1988. It was written by Robert T. Morris as an experiment that got out of hand.
Intrusion
Any set of actions that attempt to compromise the integrity, confidentiality or availability of a resource.
Intrusion Detection
Pertaining to techniques which attempt to detect intrusion into a computer or network by observation of actions, security logs, or audit data. Detection of break-ins or attempts either manually or via software expert systems that operate on logs or other information available on the network.
IP Splicing / Hijacking
An action whereby an active, established, session is intercepted and co-opted by the unauthorized user. IP splicing attacks may occur after an authentication has been made, permitting the attacker to assume the role of an already authorized user. Primary protections against IP splicing rely on encryption at the session or network layer.
IP Spoofing
An attack whereby a system attempts to illicitly impersonate another system by using IP network address.
Key
A symbol or sequence of symbols (or electrical or mechanical correlates of symbols) applied to text in order to encrypt or decrypt.
Key Escrow
The system of giving a piece of a key to each of a certain number of trustees such that the key can be recovered with the collaboration of all the trustees.
Keystroke Monitoring
A specialized form of audit trail software, or a specially designed device, that records every key struck by a user and every character of the response that the AIS returns to the user.
LAN
Local Area Network - A computer communications system limited to no more than a few miles and using high-speed connections (2 to 100 megabits per second). A short-haul communications system that connects ADP devices in a building or group of buildings within a few square kilometers, including workstations, front-end processors, controllers, switches, and gateways.
Leapfrog Attack
Use of userid and password information obtained illicitly from one host to compromise another host. The act of TELNETing through one or more hosts in order to preclude a trace (a standard cracker procedure).
Letterbomb
A piece of e-mail containing live data intended to do malicious things to the recipient's machine or terminal. Under UNIX, a letterbomb can also try to get part of its contents interpreted as a shell command to the mailer. The results of this could range from silly to denial of service.
Mailbomb
The mail sent to urge others to send massive amounts of e-mail to a single system or person, with the intent to crash the recipient's system. Mailbombing is widely regarded as a serious offense.
Malicious Code
Hardware, software, of firmware that is intentionally included in a system for an unauthorized purpose; e.g. a Trojan horse.
Metric
A random variable x representing a quantitative measure accumulated over a period.
Mockingbird
A computer program or process which mimics the legitimate behavior of a normal system feature (or other apparently useful function) but performs malicious activities once invoked by the user.
Multihost Based Auditing
Audit data from multiple hosts may be used to detect intrusions.
Nak Attack
Negative Acknowledgment - A penetration technique which capitalizes on a potential weakness in an operating system that does not handle asynchronous interrupts properly and thus, leaves the system in an unprotected state during such interrupts.
Network
Two or more machines interconnected for communications.
Network Based
Network traffic data along with audit data from the hosts used to detect intrusions.
Network Level Firewall
A firewall in which traffic is examined at the network protocol (IP) packet level.
Network Security
Protection of networks and their services from unauthorized modification, destruction, or disclosure, and provision of assurance that the network performs its critical functions correctly and there are no harmful side-effects. Network security includes providing for data integrity.
Network Security Officer
Individual formally appointed by a designated approving authority to ensure that the provisions of all applicable directives are implemented throughout the life cycle of an automated information system network.
Non-Repudiation
Method by which the sender of data is provided with proof of delivery and the recipient is assured of the sender's identity, so that neither can later deny having processed the data.
Open Security
Environment that does not provide environment sufficient assurance that applications and equipment are protected against the introduction of malicious logic prior to or during the operation of a system.
Open Systems Security
Provision of tools for the secure internetworking of open systems.
Operational Data Security
The protection of data from either accidental or unauthorized, intentional modification, destruction, or disclosure during input, processing, or output operations.
Operations Security
Definition 1) The process of denying adversaries information about friendly capabilities and intentions by identifying, controlling, and protecting indicators associated with planning and conducting military operations and other activities. Definition 2) An analytical process by with the U.S. Government and its supporting contractors can deny to potential adversaries information about capabilities and intentions by identifying, controlling, and protecting evidence of the planning and execution of sensitive activities and operations.
Orange Book
See Trusted Computer Security Evaluation Criteria.
OSI
Open Systems Interconnection. A set of internationally accepted and openly developed standards that meet the needs of network resource administration and integrated network utility.
Packet
A block of data sent over the network transmitting the identities of the sending and receiving stations, error-control information, and message.
Packet Filter
Inspects each packet for user defined content, such as an IP address but does not track the state of sessions. This is one of the least secure types of firewall.
Packet Filtering
A feature incorporated into routers and bridges to limit the flow of information based on predetermined communications such as source, destination, or type of service being provided by the network. Packet filters let the administrator limit protocol specific traffic to one network segment, isolate e-mail domains, and perform many other traffic control functions.
Packet Sniffer
A device or program that monitors the data traveling between computers on a network.
Passive Attack
Attack which does not result in an unauthorized state change, such as an attack that only monitors and/or records data.
Passive Threat
The threat of unauthorized disclosure of information without changing the state of the system. A type of threat that involves the interception, not the alteration, of information.
PEM (Privacy Enhanced Mail)
An IETF standard for secure electronic mail exchange.
Penetration
The successful unauthorized access to an automated system.
Penetration Signature
The description of a situation or set of conditions in which a penetration could occur or of system events which in conjunction can indicate the occurrence of a penetration in progress.
Penetration Testing
The portion of security testing in which the evaluators attempt to circumvent the security features of a system. The evaluators may be assumed to use all system design and implementation documentation, that may include listings of system source code, manuals, and circuit diagrams. The evaluators work under the same constraints applied to ordinary users.
Perimeter Based Security
The technique of securing a network by controlling access to all entry and exit points of the network. Usually associated with firewalls and/or filters.
Perpetrator
The entity from the external environment that is taken to be the cause of a risk. An entity in the external environment that performs an attack, i.e. hacker.
Personnel Security
The procedures established to ensure that all personnel who have access to any classified information have the required authorizations as well as the appropriate clearances.
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy)
A freeware program primarily for secure electronic mail.
Phage
A program that modifies other programs or databases in unauthorized ways; especially one that propagates a virus or Trojan horse.
PHF
Phone book file demonstration program that hackers use to gain access to a computer system and potentially read and capture password files.
PHF hack
A well-known and vulnerable CGI script which does not filter out special characters (such as a new line) input by a user.
Phracker
An individual who combines phone phreaking with computer hacking.
Phreak(er)
An individual fascinated by the telephone system. Commonly, an individual who uses his knowledge of the telephone system to make calls at the expense of another.
Phreaking
The art and science of cracking the phone network.
Physical Security
The measures used to provide physical protection of resources against deliberate and accidental threats.
Piggy Back
The gaining of unauthorized access to a system via another user's legitimate connection.
Ping of Death
The use of Ping with a packet size higher than 65,507. This will cause a denial of service.
Plaintext
Unencrypted data.
Private Key Cryptography
An encryption methodology in which the encryptor and decryptor use the same key, which must be kept secret. This methodology is usually only used by a small group.
Probe
Any effort to gather information about a machine or its users for the apparent purpose of gaining unauthorized access to the system at a later date.
Procedural Security
See Administrative Security.
Profile
Patterns of a user's activity which can detect changes in normal routines.
Promiscuous Mode
Normally an Ethernet interface reads all address information and accepts follow-on packets only destined for itself, but when the interface is in promiscuous mode, it reads all information (sniffer), regardless of its destination.
Protocol
Agreed-upon methods of communications used by computers. A specification that describes the rules and procedures that products should follow to perform activities on a network, such as transmitting data. If they use the same protocols, products from different vendors should be able to communicate on the same network.
Proxy
A firewall mechanism that replaces the IP address of a host on the internal (protected) network with its own IP address for all traffic passing through it. A software agent that acts on behalf of a user, typical proxies accept a connection from a user, make a decision as to whether or not the user or client IP address is permitted to use the proxy, perhaps does additional authentication, and then completes a connection on behalf of the user to a remote destination.
Public Key Cryptography
Type of cryptography in which the encryption process is publicly available and unprotected, but in which a part of the decryption key is protected so that only a party with knowledge of both parts of the decryption process can decrypt the cipher text.
Red Book
See Trusted Network Interpretation.
Replicator
Any program that acts to produce copies of itself examples include; a program, a worm, a fork bomb or virus. It is even claimed by some that UNIX and C are the symbiotic halves of an extremely successful replicator.
Retro-Virus
A retro-virus is a virus that waits until all possible backup media are infected too, so that it is not possible to restore the system to an uninfected state.
Risk Assessment
A study of vulnerabilities, threats, likelihood, loss or impact, and theoretical effectiveness of security measures. The process of evaluating threats and vulnerabilities, known and postulated, to determine expected loss and establish the degree of acceptability to system operations.
Risk Management
The total process to identify, control, and minimize the impact of uncertain events. The objective of the risk management program is to reduce risk and obtain and maintain DAA (Designated Approving Authority) approval.
Rootkit
A hacker security tool that captures passwords and message traffic to and from a computer. A collection of tools that allows a hacker to provide a backdoor into a system, collect information on other systems on the network, mask the fact that the system is compromised, and much more. Rootkit is a classic example of Trojan Horse software. Rootkit is available for a wide range of operating systems.
Router
An interconnection device that is similar to a bridge but serves packets or frames containing certain protocols. Routers link LANs at the network layer.
Routing Control
The application of rules during the process of routing so as to chose or avoid specific networks, links or relays.
RSA Algorithm
RSA stands for Rivest-Shamir-Aldeman. A public-key cryptographic algorithm that hinges on the assumption that the factoring of the product of two large primes is difficult.
Rules Based Detection
The intrusion detection system detects intrusions by looking for activity that corresponds to known intrusion techniques (signatures) or system vulnerabilities. Also known as Misuse Detection.
Samurai
A hacker who hires out for legal cracking jobs, snooping for factions in corporate political fights, lawyers pursuing privacy-rights and First Amendment cases, and other parties with legitimate reasons to need an electronic locksmith.
SATAN
Security Administrator Tool for Analyzing Networks - A tool for remotely probing and identifying the vulnerabilities of systems on IP networks. A powerful freeware program which helps to identify system security weaknesses.
Script Kiddies
See Ankle Biters
Secure Network Server
A device that acts as a gateway between a protected enclave and the outside world.
Secure Shell
A completely encrypted shell connection between two machines protected by a super long pass-phrase.
Security
A condition that results from the establishment and maintenance of protective measures that ensure a state of inviolability from hostile acts or influences.
Security Architecture
A detailed description of all aspects of the system that relate to security, along with a set of principles to guide the design. A security architecture describes how the system is put together to satisfy the security requirements.
Security Audit
A search through a computer system for security problems and vulnerabilities.
Security Countermeasures
Countermeasures that are aimed at specific threats and vulnerabilities or involve more active techniques as well as activities traditionally perceived as security.
Security Domains
The sets of objects that a subject has the ability to access.
Security Features
The security-relevant functions, mechanisms, and characteristics of AIS hardware and software.
Security Incident
Any act or circumstance that involves classified information that deviates from the requirements of governing security publications. For example, compromise, possible compromise, inadvertent disclosure, and deviation.
Security Kernel
The hardware, firmware, and software elements of a Trusted Computing Base that implement the reference monitor concept. It must mediate all accesses, be protected from modification, and be verifiable as correct.
Security Officer
The ADP official having the designated responsibility for the security of and ADP system.
Security Perimeter
The boundary where security controls are in effect to protect assets.
Security Policies
The set of laws, rules, and practices that regulate how an organization manages, protects, and distributes sensitive information.
Security Policy Model
A formal presentation of the security policy enforced by the system. It must identify the set of rules and practices that regulate how a system manages, protects, and distributes sensitive information.
Security Requirements
Types and levels of protection necessary for equipment, data, information, applications, and facilities.
Security Service
A service, provided by a layer of communicating open systems, which ensures adequate security of the systems or of data transfers.
Security Violation
An instance in which a user or other person circumvents or defeats the controls of a system to obtain unauthorized access to information contained therein or to system resources.
Server
A system that provides network service such as disk storage and file transfer, or a program that provides such a service. A kind of daemon which performs a service for the requester, which often runs on a computer other than the one which the server runs.
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
Software used to control network communications devices using TCP/IP.
Smurfing
A denial of service attack in which an attacker spoofs the source address of an echo-request ICMP (ping) packet to the broadcast address for a network, causing the machines in the network to respond en masse to the victim thereby clogging its network.
Snarf
To grab a large document or file for the purpose of using it with or without the author's permission.
Sneaker
An individual hired to break into places in order to test their security; analogous to tiger team.
Sniffer
A program to capture data across a computer network. Used by hackers to capture user id names and passwords. Software tool that audits and identifies network traffic packets. Is also used legitimately by network operations and maintenance personnel to troubleshoot network problems.
Spam
To crash a program by overrunning a fixed-site buffer with excessively large input data. Also, to cause a person or newsgroup to be flooded with irrelevant or inappropriate messages.
Spoofing
Pretending to be someone else. The deliberate inducement of a user or a resource to take an incorrect action. Attempt to gain access to an AIS by pretending to be an authorized user. Impersonating, masquerading, and mimicking are forms of spoofing.
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)
A session layer protocol that provides authentication and confidentiality to applications.
Subversion
Occurs when an intruder modifies the operation of the intrusion detector to force false negatives to occur.
SYN Flood
When the SYN queue is flooded, no new connection can be opened.
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internetwork Protocol. The suite of protocols the Internet is based on.
tcpwrapper
A software tool for security which provides additional network logging, and restricts service access to authorized hosts by service.
Term Rule-Based Security Policy
A security policy based on global rules imposed for all users. These rules usually rely on a comparison of the sensitivity of the resources being accessed and the possession of corresponding attributes of users, a group of users, or entities acting on behalf of users.
Terminal Hijacking
Allows an attacker, on a certain machine, to control any terminal session that is in progress. An attack hacker can send and receive terminal I/O while a user is on the terminal.
Threat
The means through which the ability or intent of a threat agent to adversely affect an automated system, facility, or operation can be manifest. A potential violation of security.
Threat Agent
Methods and things used to exploit a vulnerability in an information system, operation, or facility; fire, natural disaster and so forth.
Threat Assessment
Process of formally evaluating the degree of threat to an information system and describing the nature of the threat.
Tiger
A software tool which scans for system weaknesses.
Tiger Team
Government and industry - sponsored teams of computer experts who attempt to break down the defenses of computer systems in an effort to uncover, and eventually patch, security holes.
Tinkerbell Program
A monitoring program used to scan incoming network connections and generate alerts when calls are received from particular sites, or when logins are attempted using certain ID's.
Topology
The map or plan of the network. The physical topology describes how the wires or cables are laid out, and the logical or electrical topology describes how the information flows.
Trace Packet
In a packet-switching network, a unique packet that causes a report of each stage of its progress to be sent to the network control center from each visited system element.
Traceroute
An operation of sending trace packets for determining information; traces the route of UDP packets for the local host to a remote host. Normally traceroute displays the time and location of the route taken to reach its destination computer.
Tripwire
A software tool for security. Basically, it works with a database that maintains information about the byte count of files. If the byte count has changed, it will identify it to the system security manager.
Trojan Horse
An apparently useful and innocent program containing additional hidden code which allows the unauthorized collection, exploitation, falsification, or destruction of data.
Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria
(TCSEC) A system that employs sufficient hardware and software assurance measures to allow its use for simultaneous processing of a range of sensitive or classified information.
Trusted Computing Base (TCB)
The totality of protection mechanisms within a computer system including hardware, firmware, and software - the combination of which are responsible for enforcing a security policy. A TCB consists of one or more components that together enforce a unified security policy over a product or system.
Trusted Network Interpretation
The specific security features, the assurance requirements and the rating structure of the Orange Book as extended to networks of computers ranging from isolated LANs to WANs.
TTY Watcher
A hacker tool that allows hackers with even a small amount of skill to hijack terminals. It has a GUI interface.
Vaccines
Program that injects itself into an executable program to perform a signature check and warns if there have been any changes.
Virus
A program that can "infect" other programs by modifying them to include a, possibly evolved, copy of itself.
Vulnerability
Hardware, firmware, or software flow that leaves an AIS open for potential exploitation. A weakness in automated system security procedures, administrative controls, physical layout, internal controls, and so forth, that could be exploited by a threat to gain unauthorized access to information or disrupt critical processing.
Vulnerability Analysis
Systematic examination of an AIS or product to determine the adequacy of security measures, identify security deficiencies, provide data from which to predict the effectiveness of proposed security measures, and confirm the adequacy of such measures after implementation.
WAN
Wide Area Network. A physical or logical network that provides capabilities for a number of independent devices to communicate with each other over a common transmission-interconnected topology in geographic areas larger than those served by local area networks.
War Dialer
A program that dials a given list or range of numbers and records those which answer with handshake tones, which might be entry points to computer or telecommunications systems.
Worm
Independent program that replicates from machine to machine across network connections often clogging networks and information systems as it spreads.
This page last modified on March 2, 2011
Blogger news
Before we go any further it is important to realise that there are fats, and there are fats. However, conventional medical protocols continue to vilify all saturated fats.
By doing this they ignore the evidence that saturated fats are either atherogenically neutral, or negative, and do NOT contribute to heart disease via cholesterol raising.
Full fat milk (saturated fat) is far healthier than the insipid “low fat” milk.
Low fat milk does not offer any cardiac benefits, and may in fact be strongly linked to prostate cancer in males, and ovarian cancer in females.
In contrast, the health benefits of full fat milk have been shown in numerous studies. In one such study they measured the actual levels of two milk fats (pentadecanoic acid and heptadecanoic acid) in the blood of people participating in the programme. The ones drinking the full fat milk subsequently showed reductions in their risk of a heart attack.
The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk is vital for health. Evidence suggests that CLA reduces tumour growth in animals, and in a Finnish study, CLA levels correlated with a 60% reduction in female breast cancer.
Researchers have proven that the CLA in milk reduces body fat mass (BFM) in both animals and humans.
Certainly, the supermarkets play their part in which type of milk gets promoted the most for obvious, maximum financial gain; a low fat product generates bigger profit margins for them.
Fat is removed in the creameries from the original 4% milk fat, and the residual milk blended according to the fat content required, which may be 0.1% fat (skimmed ), or 1% (very low fat), or the 1.5% to 1.8% (low fat) variety.
The proposals in some powerful quarters to reduce dietary dairy products, because of the calcium content, ignores the findings of critical science; that dairy products (full fat milk, butter, cheese, eggs) have many health supporting properties, since they contain important minerals and vitamins, such as vitamins A,D,E K2, Butyric acid and omega 3 fatty acids, and of course, CLA.
While you are enjoying your full cream milk, rest assured that you are partaking in the far healthier milk option.
The Great Outdoors
Feed the ducks at the park.
Cut some fresh wildflowers for your table.
Go fishing.
Hike somewhere with pretty scenery.
Go jogging with a friend.
Take your dog for a walk.
Get a group of friends together for a water balloon fight.
Try to find out about little-known waterfalls in your area and explore to find them.
Volunteer for a non-profit association.
Go camping at a place you’ve never been before.
Learn how to sail a catamaran.
Visit a farm with a friend.
Go off-road mountain biking.
Take horseback riding lessons.
Find a quiet place with beautiful scenery to read a favorite book.
Find a wildflower information book and explore to see how many flowers you can identify around your town.
Go kayaking.
Start a garden.
Run through a water sprinkler.
Organize a barbeque with the neighbors.
Recreation
Run a 5K race or fun walk just for fun.
Join the local community orchestra or choir.
Take ballroom dancing lessons.
Take up a new instrument.
Write a humorous poem.
Go see the nearest symphony orchestra.
Read to grade school children.
Join a recreational basketball or volleyball team from the local community center.
Go to a nearby coffee shop and listen to any intellectual conversations going on.
Become a mentor to a student that wishes to enter your profession.
Organize a scavenger hunt for friends and family.
Listen to a new genre of music.
Explore small shops downtown in your city.
Send a postcard to a child.
Ask a veteran to tell you some if his or her favorite stories from years in the service.
Send flowers or a card to a friend just for fun.
Go to a music store and try out all the grand pianos.
Go shopping to find a gift for someone who has been kind to you.
Go visit your alma mater to see what has changed since you graduated.
Go watch a high school play.
Around the house
Bake some cookies for your neighbors.
Buy a pretty house plant.
Try out a new kind of tea or coffee.
Make gift baskets for a local charity.
Start a canned food drive for needy families.
Mow an elderly neighbor’s lawn and talk with them afterward.
Find an ugly corner in the yard and turn it into a small garden.
Try out a new recipe for supper.
Take a bicycle ride.
Organize a neighborhood-wide game of sardines.
Take some time to look through old family photos.
Invite friends and family over for supper.
Start a scrapbook.
Get the family together and watch old home videos.
Let a child help you give your dog a bath (this doesn’t work so well with cats)
Make your own root beer. As an added benefit, this is also a nice money saver.
Make up your own variety of smoothie with your favorite fruit.
Start a practical joke war with a sibling or long suffering friend.
Record yourself singing a friend’s favorite songs and give the CD to them.
Save a snowball in the freezer and get to throw it at someone on a hot summer day.
Make your own fountain with Diet Coke and Mentos.
Camp out in the living room with your kids.
Build a fort out of cardboard boxes.
Make homemade ice cream.
Listen to your old cassette tapes or records.
Call your parents just to say “hi.”
Help your kids make homemade cards for relatives.
Check out a book of jokes and read it.
Build a house out of cards.
Make a gingerbread house during the summer.
Print some digital pictures and hang them in your house.
Repaint a room with a cheerful color.
Rearrange your furniture.
Put your TV in the closet for a month.
Reupholster an old piece of furniture.
Make a slip ‘n slide for your family. (keep safety in mind)
Make a pie, draw or paint a picture, or grow and arrange flowers to enter in the county fair.
Help your kids make cards for nursing home residents.
Explore iTunes for new music to listen to.
Try out Pandora Radio.
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In June 1969, LIFE magazine published a feature that today, incredibly, remains as moving and, in some quarters, as controversial as it was when it sparked debate and intensified a nation’s soul-searching more than 40 years ago. On the cover, a young man’s face — the very model of middle-America’s “boy next door” — along with 11 stark words: “The Faces of the American Dead in Vietnam: One Week’s Toll.” Inside, across 10 funereal pages, LIFE published picture after picture and name after name of 242 young men killed halfway around the world — in the words of the official announcement of their deaths — “in connection with the conflict in Vietnam.”
LIFE, June 27, 1969
To absolutely no one’s surprise, the public’s response was immediate, and visceral. Some readers expressed amazement, in light of the thousands of American deaths suffered in a war with no end in sight, that it took so long for LIFE to produce something as dramatic and pointed as “One Week’s Toll.” Others were outraged that the magazine was, as one reader saw it, “supporting the antiwar demonstrators who are traitors to this country.” Still others — perhaps the vast majority — were quietly and disconsolately devastated. (See reader’s responses at the bottom of this page.)
Here, on the anniversary of the 1973 withdrawal of the last American combat troops from Vietnam — and as the United States, four decades later, again finds itself in a protracted, ambiguous war with a shadowy enemy on the other side of the globe — LIFE.com is republishing every picture and every name that originally appeared in (as the article itself was titled) “One Week’s Dead.”
Below is the text, in full, that not only accompanied portraits of those killed, but also explained why LIFE chose to publish “One Week’s Dead” when — and in the manner — it did.
NOTE: We recommend that readers take advantage of the “full screen” option when viewing this gallery. And to see how “One Week’s Dead” looked when it ran in LIFE in 1969, click here. (Link opens in new window.)
From the June 27, 1969, issue of LIFE:
The faces shown on the next pages are the faces of American men killed — in the words of the official announcement of their deaths — “in connection with the conflict in Vietnam.” The names, 242, of them, were released on May 28 through June 3 [1969], a span of no special significance except that it includes Memorial Day. The numbers of the dead are average for any seven-day period during this stage of the war.
It is not the intention of this article to speak for the dead. We cannot tell with any precision what they thought of the political currents which drew them across the world. From the letters of some, it is possible to tell they felt strongly that they should be in Vietnam, that they had great sympathy for the Vietnamese people and were appalled at their enormous suffering. Some had voluntarily extended theirs tours of combat duty; some were desperate to come home. Their families provided most of these photographs, and many expressed their own feelings that their sons and husbands died in a necessary cause. Yet in a time when the numbers of Americans killed this war — 36,000 — though far less than the Vietnamese losses, have exceeded the dead in the Korean War, when the nation continues week after week to be numbed by a three-digit statistic which is translated to direct anguish in hundreds of homes all over the country, we must pause to look into the faces. More than we must know how many, we must know who. The faces of one week’s dead,unknown but families and friends, are suddenly recognized by all in this gallery of young American eyes.
Below is the text, in full, from the last page of the “One Week’s Dead” feature in LIFE:
‘I see death coming up the hill’
On the back of a picture he sent home shortly before his death near Saigon, Sgt. William Anderson, 18, of Templeton, Pa., jotted a wry note: “Plain of Reeds, May 12, 1969. Here’s a picture of a 2-star general awarding me my Silver Star. I didn’t do anything. They just had some extra ones.” His family has a few other recent photographs of the boy, including one showing him this past February helping to put a beam into place on his town’s new church. His was the first military funeral held there.
Such fragments on film, in letters, in clippings and in recollection comprise the legacies of virtually every man show in these pages. To study the smallest portion of them, even without reference to their names, is to glimpse the scope of a much broader tragedy. Writing his family just before the time he was scheduled to return to the U.S., a California man said, “I could be standing on the doorstep on the 8th [of June]…As you can see from my shaky printing, the strain of getting ‘short’ is getting to me, so I’ll close now.” The ironies and sad coincidences of time hang everywhere.
One Pfc. from the 101st Airborne was killed on his 21st birthday. A waiting bride had just bought her own wedding ring. A mother got flowers ordered by her son and then learned he had died the day they arrived. A Texan had just signed up for a second two-year tour of duty when he was killed, and his ROTC instructor back home remembered with great affection that the boy, a flag-bearer, had stumbled a lot. In the state of Oregon a solider was buried in a grave shared by the body of his brother, who had died in Vietnam two years earlier. A lieutenant was killed serving the battalion his father had commanded two years ago. A man from Colorado noted in his last letter that the Marines preferred captured North Vietnamese mortars to their own because they were lighter and much more accurate. At four that afternoon he as killed by enemy mortar fire.
Premonitions gripped many of the men. One wrote, “I have given my life as have many others for a cause in which I firmly believe.” Another, writing from Hamburger Hill, said, “You may not be able to read this. I am writing it in a hurry. I see death coming up the hill.” One more, who had come home on leave from Vietnam in January and had told his father he did not want to go back and was considering going AWOL, wrote last month, “Everyone’s dying, they’re all ripped apart. Dad, there’s no one left.” “I wish now I had told him to jump,” the boy’s father recalled. “I wish I had, but I couldn’t.”
Such despair was not everywhere. A lieutenant, a Notre Dame graduate, wrote home in some mild annoyance that he had not been given command of a company. (“I would have jumped at the chance but there are too many Capts. floating around”) and then reported with a certain pleasure that he was looking forward to his new assignment, which was leader of a reconnaissance platoon. In an entirely cheerful letter to his mother a young man from Georgia wrote, “I guess by now you are having some nice weather. Do you have tomatoes in the garden? ‘A’ Co. found an NVA farm two days ago with bananas, tomatoes and corn. This is real good land here. You can see why the North wants it.”
There is a catalogue of fact for every face. One boy had customized his 13-year-old car and planned to buy a ranch. Another man, a combat veteran of the Korean War, leaves seven children. A third had been an organist in his church and wanted to be a singer. One had been sending his pay home to contribute to his brother’s college expenses. The mother of one of the dead, whose son was the third of four to serve in the Army, insists with deep pride, “We are a patriotic family willing to pay that price.” An aunt who had raised her nephew said of him, “He was really and truly a conscientious objector. He told me it was a terrible thought going into the Army and winding up in Vietnam and shooting people who hadn’t done anything to him…such a waste. Such a shame.”
Every photograph, every face carriers its own simple and powerful message. The inscription on one boy’s picture to his girl reads:
To Miss Shirley Nash
We shall let no Love come between Love.
Only peace and happiness from Heaven Above.
Love always.
Perpetually yours,
Joseph
Below are some of the reactions from readers that were published in the August 18, 1969, issue of LIFE — in which the entire Letters section of the magazine was given over to responses to “One Week’s Dead”:
Your story was the most eloquent and meaningful statement on the wastefulness and stupidity of war I have ever read. — From a reader in California
Certainly these tragic young men were far superior to the foreign policy they were called upon to defend. — From a U.S. Marine Corps Captain (resigned)
I feel you are supporting the antiwar demonstrators who are traitors to this country. You are helping them and therefore belong to this group. — From a reader in Texas
I cried for those Southern black soldiers. What did they die for? Tar paper shacks, malnutrition, unemployment and degradation? — From a reader in Ohio
While looking at the photographs I was shocked to see the smiling face of someone I used to know. He was only 19 years old. I guess I never realized that 19-year-olds have to die. — From a reader in Georgia
I felt I was staring into the eyes of the 11 troopers from my platoon who were killed while fighting for a cause they couldn’t understand — From a Marine second lieutenant in New Jersey who had commanded a rifle platoon in Vietnam
WASHINGTON, D.C., February 13, 2012 — Today, LivingSocial announced the opening of 918 F Street, a first-of-its-kind live events venue where LivingSocial and its merchant partners will offer pop-up restaurants, classes and hands-on activities. An ambitious test for the company, 918 F Street will give local merchants additional space and state-of-the-art facilities to reach new customers and share the best of Washington, DC.
"Since its inception, LivingSocial has been successful in creating unique experiences that help our members discover the best of their town," said Doug Miller, SVP New Initiatives for LivingSocial. "918 F Street will serve as a venue for special experiences where local residents can try the hottest pop-up restaurants, take a yoga or painting class, learn to make sushi or participate in scores of other social activities. In our state-of-the-art facility, local merchants get the resources, space and audience they need to scale their businesses and reach new customers. We believe this is the next step in the evolution of local commerce and complements our existing offerings."
The venue, which has six floors plus a basement, was created to be flexible enough to host a wide range of activities. Among its capabilities, 918 F Street features a state-of-the-art culinary kitchen for visiting chefs to host distinctive pop-up restaurants; a 36-person demonstration kitchen for cooking and baking classes with live automated video feeds of the chef; three flexible spaces that can be adapted for dining, dancing, classes, workshops and more; a basement bar where consumers can learn mixoogy or taste local brews.
918 F Street gives local merchants more space, flexibility and opportunity to create unique experiences for consumers without interrupting operations at their normal place of business.
918 F Street's inaugural event will be a sneak peek of Bandolero, the highly-anticipated restaurant from Mike Isabella, Chef/Owner of Graffiato and Top Chef All-Stars Runner-Up. Bandolero is scheduled to open Spring 2012 in Georgetown and will feature modern Mexican small plates with a large, tequila-infused cocktail menu.
"LivingSocial is opening a first-of-its-kind venue — from kitchen to tabletop — that allows me both a training opportunity for my team and a chance to test recipes for our menu," said Isabella. "I'm excited to be the first in the 918 F Street kitchen testing my concepts for the new restaurant, and I look forward to seeing guests react to some Bandolero dishes and cocktails before it opens."
LivingSocial has partnered with Vucurevich Simons Advisory Group (VSAG), an international hospitality and restaurant consulting firm to manage food and beverage programs at 918 F Street.
918 F Street Events & Activities
LivingSocial 918 F Street will offer a wide range of unique original programming. From restaurants to yoga to painting, members can rest assured that all merchants have received the LivingSocial stamp of approval and will provide a memorable experience.
Consumers will be able to purchase a voucher through LivingSocial.com to attend activities led by acclaimed local merchants including:
A pop-up restaurant from Kyle Bailey and Tiffany MacIsaac (Birch & Barley);
Sushi rolling classes taught by instructors from Sticky Rice;
Photography classes led by Douglas Sonders;
Cooking classes taught by Executive Chef Frederick de Pue of 42 Degrees Catering;
Chocolate Making & Tasting Class from instructors, including Executive Chef Santosh Tiptur, from Co Co. Sala Lounge & Boutique;
Artisan cheese and craft beer tastings taught by Cowgirl Creamery;
Cocktail and Mixology courses taught by Founding Farmers' award-winning chief mixologist, Jon Arroyo;
Kids' cooking classes from KitchKat;
Yoga classes by Yoga District; and
Painting and wine tasting classes.
About the building
The 28,000-square-foot building is one of DC's few examples of Georgian Romanesque architecture and was originally built in 1890 for the National Union Insurance Company. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and occupies a place in history by adjoining the alley John Wilkes Booth used to escape after assassinating President Lincoln.
LivingSocial has worked with preservationists to painstakingly restore the building to as much of its original glory as possible through steps like preserving the lobby's original plaster friezes to restoring the building's façade and commissioning authentic replica light fixtures.
Construction on the building began around August 2011. In order to open up the building's interior for modern use, crews removed load-bearing masonry walls and replaced them with a massive steel grid designed to carry the weight of the structure.
LivingSocial worked with architect and interior design firm Streetsense to design and complete renovation of 918 F Street.
For a full list of LivingSocial products and the cities where products are available, go to livingsocial.com. Follow us on Twitter at twitter.com/livingsocial. Join us on Facebook at facebook.com/livingsocial. LivingSocial products and services are subject to the Terms and Conditions found at livingsocial.com/terms.
About LivingSocial
LivingSocial helps people around the world find, share and enjoy great local deals and new experiences. We'll help you get more out of your city. Through its daily deal e-mails and alerts, LivingSocial introduces members to handpicked local businesses, products or services each day at significant savings. With a range of products for different interests, like Families and Adventures, LivingSocial helps delight members with the perfect deal for them. Other services include LivingSocial Escapes, which fetures easy "vacations in a box" to leading destinations, and LivingSocial Instant, which helps members discover real-time discounts at nearby restaurants, stores and businesses. LivingSocial works with each merchant partner to create customized marketing solutions that attract and retain loyal, long-term customers. Based in Washington, D.C., LivingSocial now has more than 46 million members in 25 countries.
The lead homicide investigator in the shooting of unarmed teenager Trayvon Martin recommended that neighborhood watch captain George Zimmerman be charged with manslaughter the night of the shooting, multiple sources told ABC News.
But Sanford, Fla., Investigator Chris Serino was instructed to not press charges against Zimmerman because the state attorney's office headed by Norman Wolfinger determined there wasn't enough evidence to lead to a conviction, the sources told ABC News.
Police brought Zimmerman into the station for questioning for a few hours on the night of the shooting, said Zimmerman's attorney, despite his request for medical attention first. Ultimately they had to accept Zimmerman's claim of self defense. He was never charged with a crime.
Serino filed an affidavit on Feb. 26, the night that Martin was shot and killed by Zimmerman, that stated he was unconvinced Zimmerman's version of events.
Zimmerman, 28, claimed he shot Martin, 17, in self defense.
One complicating factor in the investigation was that the first detective to interview Zimmerman about the shooting was a narcotics officer rather than a homicide detective.
The State Attorney's office said only "no comment" when asked about the affidavit today.
The revelation is the latest salvo in a war of leaks meant to bolster each side amid rising tension over the shooting.
Martin's parents, Sybrina Fulton and Tracy Martin, will appear before a House panel today and rallies continue around the country demanding that Zimmermanbe arrested.
About 200 to 250 protesters gathered in front of the Justice Department today to demand the Justice Department to charge Zimmerman with a federal hate crime.
Martin's family attorney confirmed today that the teenager was suspended from his Miami school three times over the past year.
Family attorney Benjamin Crump told ABC News that Martin had been slapped with a 10 day school suspension after a bag with suspected marijuana was found in his backpack.
Last year Martin was suspended for spraying graffiti on school grounds. The Miami Herald reported that the school guard who stopped him searched his backpack and found 12 items of women's jewelry and a flathead screw driver that the guard believed to be a "burglary implement." But Martin was never charged or specifically disciplined for the incident.
Crump alleged that the Sanford police had leaked damaging information about Martin into order to muddy the case, calling it a "conspiracy." Crump called the school disciplinary problems "irrelevant" to the case that "an unarmed 17 year kid was killed."
The case has triggered national interest with pro-Martin rallies in cities from coast to coast. Martin's mother has moved to trademark two popular rallying cries, "I am Trayvon" and "Justice for Trayvon." The family said it does not want want other people printing memorabilia.
"Sybrina Fulton has no desire to profit from her son's death, but wants to protect her son's name legacy," said family representative Ryan Julison.
Martin was shot as he made his way to his father's fiance's house while returning from a convenience store where he bought a pack of Skittles and iced tea. He was followed by Zimmerman who found him suspicious.
At some point, Zimmerman ignored the suggestion from a 911 dispatcher that he stop following Martin, left his truck and went to look for Martin.
At the same time, Martin was on the phone with his girlfriend and complained that someone was following him.
What happened then is not clear. The girlfriend has said that she heard Martin ask someone, "Why are you following me?" before the sounds of a scuffle and the phone was disconnected.
Zimmerman is described as 5-foot-9 and well over 200 pounds while Martin was 6-foot-3 and 150 pounds.
Leaks from the police report detail Zimmerman telling police he was heading back to his truck when Martin knocked him down with a punch to his nose, jumped on him, repeatedly banged his head on the ground, then tried to grab Zimmerman's gun.
In a struggle for Zimmerman's gun, the watchman shot the teenager, Zimmerman told police.
By Frances Robles
frobles@MiamiHerald.com
SANFORD -- The people at the Retreat at Twin Lakes had been missing bikes, grills and a few times thought strangers were casing their town houses.
When the homeowners association wanted to start a neighborhood watch, only one man stepped up: George Zimmerman, the 28-year-old who admitted to shooting an unarmed Miami Gardens teenager and who is now the focal point of a race-related scandal of national proportions.
Interviews with neighbors reveal a pleasant young man passionate about neighborhood security who took it upon himself to do nightly patrols while he walked his dog.
Licensed to carry a firearm and a student of criminal justice, Zimmerman went door-to-door asking residents to be on the lookout, specifically referring to young black men who appeared to be outsiders, and warned that some were caught lurking, neighbors said. The self-appointed captain of the neighborhood watch program is credited with cracking some crimes, and thwarting others.
But the killing of 17-year-old Trayvon Martin left the boy’s family and attorneys convinced that the volunteer developed a twisted sense of entitlement, one that gave him a false sense of authority to enforce the rule of law in his tiny gated community. Trayvon’s family’s attorneys believe that led to racial profiling and murder.
“He would circle the block and circle it; it was weird,” said Teontae Amie, 17. “If he had spotted me, he’d probably ask me if I lived here. He was known for being really strict.”
Zimmerman called police 46 times since 2004 to report disturbances, break-ins, windows left open and other incidents. Nine of those times, he saw someone or something suspicious.
“Hey, we’ve had some break-ins in my neighborhood, and there’s a real suspicious guy at Retreat View Circle. This guy looks like he’s up to no good,” Zimmerman told a dispatcher on Feb. 26, the night of Trayvon’s death.
According to 911 recordings released late Friday by Sanford police, Zimmerman said the person was walking slowly, looked drugged and appeared to be looking at people’s houses. Police would later learn that Trayvon had gone to 7-Eleven during the NBA All Star game halftime to get Skittles and Arizona iced tea.
“These a--holes always get away,” Zimmerman complained.
What happened next is unclear, and has already reverberated nationwide. Calls to 911 alerted police to a scuffle and someone crying for help. In one, the chilling howl stopped after the clear, crisp blast of a bullet. Trayvon was lying face down on the ground near a pathway that runs through the townhouse community.
One 911 caller sobbed to the dispatcher over not having helped the young man who wailed.
Zimmerman told police that was him crying for help and that Trayvon started the fight. He claimed self-defense and was not charged, flaring deep-seated racial tensions between blacks and police, who have a long history of distrust. On at least two prior occasions, the Sanford Police Department was accused of giving favorable treatment to relatives of officers involved in violent encounters with blacks.
In 2010, police waited seven weeks to arrest a lieutenant’s son who was caught on video sucker-punching a homeless black man.
In 2005, two security guards — one the son of a longtime Sanford police officer and the other a department volunteer — killed a black man they said was trying to run them over. Black leaders complained of a lackluster investigation. The guards ultimately were acquitted.
Unarmed Black Teen Gunned Down By Neighborhood Watch Leader After Being Deemed Suspicious.
Trayvon “Trey” Martin, 17, of Miami was visiting his father living in a gated community in Sanford, Florida. He had just left a local 7-11 after buying a snack and was on his way home around 7:00 PM on February 26. George Zimmerman, a 26-year-old member of the local neighborhood watch, saw Martin and called police to report a suspicious man in the community. He tailed Martin in his car. He had a loaded pistol on him. The police told Zimmerman they would handle it.
For some reason, Zimmerman didn’t obey. Minutes later, a number of local residents called police to report a fight. A gunshot was heard. Martin died 70 yards from the house he was staying in. Zimmerman was arrested and then released. He was carrying the pistol legally and has claimed that he was acting in self-
NEWTOWN -- A 28-year-old Newtown man was arrested after detectives found more than 300 child pornography images stashed away on his computer during a raid on his home Friday morning, authorities said.
Edward Wilson was taken into custody at about 9 a.m. at his Hillcrest Road home and charged with first-degree possession of child pornography and promoting a minor in an obscene performance, according to state police spokesman Lt. Paul Vance.
Authorities began probing Wilson's online activities in February after several of his emails were flagged by the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, Vance said. The national agency alerted state police, triggering a two-month investigation that culminated with Friday's arrest.
Armed with a search and seizure warrant, detectives from the State Police Computer Crimes Unit and Newtown police descended on Wilson's home, where they seized "several items of evidentiary value," according to a state police press release.
Wilson was held on $100,000 bond and was slated to appear in state Superior Court in Danbury on Friday.
"The case is still under investigation. There is additional work that state police detectives and Newtown police will continue," Vance said.
ljany@newstimes.com; 203-731-3350; http://www.twitter.com/ljanyNT
A new approach to coaxing the body to fight HIV without antiretroviral drugs has shown some success in almost half the patients enrolled in a small study, US researchers said Wednesday.
Twenty HIV-positive volunteers in Pennsylvania were asked to stop taking their drug therapy and submit instead to weekly doses of interferon-alpha, an antiviral chemical produced by the human immune system.
The treatment kept HIV under control in nine of the 20 patients at the 12-week mark, and appeared to decrease the amount of HIV present in cells that harbor the infection, known as reservoirs.
The trial was meant to last 24 weeks or until a person's HIV levels either rose or T-cells dropped to a certain level, at which point the subjects were to resume their antiretroviral treatment.
Just eight people stayed in the study for its full 24-week duration.
However, researcher Luis Montaner, a professor at the Wistar Institute and director of its HIV-1 Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, was optimistic that the findings had broken new ground.
"Our data shows that our human immune response can be made to control HIV in persons who have otherwise lost that ability and, if sustained by natural interferon production, it establishes proof-of-concept that a functional cure is theoretically possible," Montaner said in a statement.
"And while we still have much to pursue with this early clinical finding, I firmly believe this gives us hope that one day we can control -- and eventually eradicate -- HIV in absence of antiretroviral therapy."
The research, which has not been published or independently peer-reviewed, was presented at the 2012 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in Seattle, Washington.
js/ksh/ag
Sell your crafts At Jewelry Wonder (jewelrywonder.com), sellers must have at least 30 items to open a free online store. There’s no charge to sellers — no setup fee, monthly or transaction fees, or listing or hosting fees. And sellers set their own prices, so the sky’s the limit. ArtFire (artfire.com) is the home of artists, crafters, suppliers and media creators from around the world. Sellers can choose either a basic free account that includes unlimited listings with four pictures per item plus the ability to sell directly from your blog or website, or a Pro account for $15.95 a month with 10 pictures per item plus a customizable “store” and promo features. There are no transaction fees on ArtFire, so you keep what you make. The site also offers online training in merchandising and marketing. Make money from your talent Be a nurse on call Write, edit, proofread Design graphics and websites
Do you knit? Make jewelry? Sew? If so, there are lots of opportunities to sell handmade wares online. As a member of Etsy (etsy.com), you’ll have your own online store to showcase your items. It’s free to become an Etsy seller, but you’ll pay a fee of 20¢ to list an item with up to five photos for four months. When the item sells, you pay a 3.5 percent commission to Etsy. There’s no limit to how much you can charge, and what you earn is based on how your crafts sell.
At Fiverr (fiverr.com), you can offer services that use your skills — designing a business card, creating a podcast jingle, planning a trip — for five bucks a pop. Fiverr keeps $1 and the seller gets $4 per gig. Stefanie Strobel, 28, of Newport Beach, California, writes people’s messages in the sand at the beach and takes a picture that she then emails to them. “I make about $300 per month and can do about 10 to 15 messages per hour, depending on length and complexity,” says Stefanie.
If you’re a registered nurse, consider a company like Fonemed (fonemed. com), which provides phone-based triage and medical information to their customers in Canada and the U.S. These companies contract with medical-related clients, mostly doctor’s offices and especially pediatrician’s offices, to answer questions when the offices are closed (the work hours are typically evenings, nights and weekends). You must be licensed in the state or province where you are located and have at least three years of recent clinical experience with adults and children. Fonemed nurses are paid an hourly minimum plus a fee per call, and are eligible for benefits like health insurance and paid leave. A typical Fonemed nurse makes $27 per hour, according to Fonemed owner Charlene Slaney.
Sites like Demand Studios (demandstudios.com) and Associated Content (associatedcontent.com) hire experienced freelance writers, editors and filmmakers to work on projects for sites like eHow, LiveStrong.com and YouTube. At Demand Studios, assignments pay anywhere from $15 to $100; if you meet tenure and activity requirements, you can be eligible for health insurance plans. At Associated Content there are three ways to earn money: Upfront payments for content you write ($2 to $15 per article), assigned articles ($10 to $100 per article) and performance payments ($1.50 for every 1,000 page views of your article if it’s posted online).
Elance (elance.com) works like an online marketplace, setting up designers and computer programmers with companies that need their services. Companies post jobs and freelancers bid on them, listing their experience, portfolio and the price they will charge for the job. If your bid is chosen, you’ll pay Elance a commission of 4 to 6 percent of what you earn.
Ones bones spend time in a lot of joints. Knee joints. Hip joints. The joints in your hands and the joints in your feet. Wherever bones meet, there is also cartilage, a rubbery, protective layer of which makes certain your joints bend easily and painlessly. However even cartilage can’t do this tremendous job alone. A thin membrane called the synovium supplies fluid that lubricates the moving portions of the joint. In the event the cartilage wears out, the synovium gets inflamed, the end result is generally a case of osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. In osteoarthritis, the cartilage can be worn away so much that bone truly does rub on bone. This form of joint disease evolves slowly over a lifetime as a basic consequence of the wear and tear placed on your joints over time. Very few folks escape some extent of osteoarthritis, however the intensity differs a whole lot. As a matter of fact, for anyone who is over the age of 50, you’ll probably have at least one joint impacted by osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis strikes men and women equally and is also quite possibly the most common type of joint disease, with roughly 16 million Americans in the list. In rheumatoid arthritis, damage to the synovium is at the foundation of trouble. Doctors and experts are not absolutely sure what causes it, but many believe that rheumatoid arthritis is a disease in which the immune system actually attacks certain tissues in the body, including the ones that connect the joints as well as the synovium. Rheumatoid arthritis starts with swollen, red, stiff, and painful joints, however it may advance until eventually scar tissue forms in the joint or, in extreme cases, until the bones actually fuse together. Almost 75% of the 2 million people with rheumatoid arthritis in the United States tend to be women. The condition can hit as early as teenage years. Exercising Your Prevention Options Investing a little time in creating a good weight-bearing low-impact workout and stretching program can mean great results when it comes to staving off arthritis pain. Strong muscles help safeguard the joints from deterioration, and the movement will keep joints flexible. For this reason the pursuit of fitness is at hand, even if you are 50 years and over. Having said that, the majority of Americans over 50 continue to be right where they invariably were sitting back and observing other folks jog by. The majority of them claim that that’s only for those who have been athletic all their life, or quite a few declare exercise is for young folks and engaging into exercise will do them more harm than good. Presently there are still a few who insist on excusing themselves in exercise sessions because they do not have time or they have less energy than in the past. They are all lame reasons. That’s why, it is time to begin to reduce those pains. Start exercising. Consequently, preventing arthritis is not an exact science, however medical professionals have discovered a few ways to reduce your risk. Here is how: 1. Get rid of that additional body fat The best solution anyone can take to prevent osteoarthritis of the knee is to lose weight if they’re overweight. Excess weight applies further stress on your knees. If you’re 10 pounds overweight, by way of example, you place 60 pounds per square inch of extra pressure on your knees whenever you take a step. That extra pressure can slowly but surely deteriorate the cartilage inside your knees, resulting in arthritis. A study has clearly supported the principle that weight loss weighs in on the side of prevention. In the study, overweight women whom lost 11 pounds or more over a 10-year period decreased their chance of developing osteoarthritis of the knee by 50%. 2. Warm-up your muscles with stretching Any kind of stretching is good so long as you don’t bounce, which can cause a muscle pull. This is according to some of the professors of clinical medicine in New York City. Attempt to hold a slow, steady stretch for 15 to 20 seconds, then rest and repeat. It is best to flex up by stretching before any kind of workout, especially running and walking. But it’s also a smart idea to stretch each day. Ask your physician to teach you stretches that target potential arthritis problem areas, like the knees or the lower back. 3. Walking is always the best exercise Take a good lengthy walk no less than three times a week or take part in a step-aerobics or low-impact workout for maximum results. There is no proof that jogging is bad for the joints, but don’t forget, it may irritate an injury if you already have one. Just remember to check with your physician before commencing a new exercise regime. The bottom line is that of all the healthful habits, exercise is the most important. This is because individuals are designed to be active. That’s why, it really is important for people to workout in order to remain healthy and preserve those joints free from wear and tear. Clearly remember that the unexercised body, even if free from the signs and symptoms of health issues or issues such as arthritis, is not at its full potential. Therefore, start doing exercises now! Live well and be fit for life, For more information on losing weight visit How To Lose Belly Fat Quickly. where you can also get a free fat loss report which details 27 unique methods for boosting your metabolism and losing belly fat.
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